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1.
Clinics ; 78: 100305, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1528419

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: Treatments of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are able to control symptoms in most cases, however, a fraction of patients do not improve or have a loss of response to treatments, making it important to explore new therapeutic strategies. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) may represent one of them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of HBO therapy in an experimental model of IBD. Methods: Sixty male BALBc mice were divided into six groups. Group 1 was colitis-induced with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) + ethanol, group 2 received TNBS + ethanol plus HBO, group 3 received only ethanol, group 4 received ethanol plus HBO, group 5 received saline solution, and group 6 received saline solution plus HBO. HBO was performed for four days, subsequently, the mice were evaluated daily. At the end of the study, samples from the intestine were collected for histological analysis as well as for measurement of antioxidant enzymes and cytokine levels. Results: HBO significantly improved the clinical and histological status of the animals. Treatment with HBO increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in all of the groups; moreover, the difference was only significant between the TNBS and TNBS + HBO groups and treatments promoted a reduction in the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-17 and TNF-α and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, with no changes in IL-13. Conclusion: HBO effectively treats TNBS-induced colitis by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and modulating cytokine profiles.

2.
Rev. bras. oftalmol ; 81: e0056, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1394863

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT It is part of the omic sciences to search for an understanding of how the cellular system of organisms works as well as studying their biological changes. As part of the omic sciences, we can highlight the genomics whose function is the study of genes, the transcriptomics that studies the changes in the transcripts, the proteomics responsible for understanding the changes that occur in proteins, and the metabolomics that studies all the metabolic changes that occur in a certain system when it is submitted to different types of stimuli. Metabolomics is the science that studies the endogenous and exogenous metabolites in biological systems, which aims to provide comparative quantitative or semi-quantitative information about all metabolites in the system. This review aims to describe the main applications of metabolomics science in ophthalmolog. We searched the literature on main applications of metabolomics science in ophthalmology, using the MEDLINE and LILACS databases, with the keywords "metabolomics" and "ophthalmology", from January 1, 2009, to April 5, 2021. We retrieved 216 references, of which 58 were considered eligible for intensive review and critical analysis. The study of the metabolome allows a better understanding of the metabolism of ocular tissues. The results are important to aid diagnosis and as predictors of the progression of many eye and systemic diseases.


RESUMO Faz parte das ciências ômicas buscar entender como funciona o sistema celular dos organismos e estudar suas alterações biológicas. Como parte das ciências ômicas, destacam-se a genômica, cuja função é o estudo dos genes; a transcriptômica, que estuda as mudanças nos transcritos; a proteômica, responsável por entender as mudanças que ocorrem nas proteínas, e a metabolômica, que estuda todo o metabolismo das alterações que ocorrem em um determinado sistema quando ele é submetido a diferentes tipos de estímulos. A metabolômica é a ciência que estuda os metabólitos endógenos e exógenos em sistemas biológicos, visando fornecer informações comparativas quantitativas ou semiquantitativas sobre todos os metabólitos do sistema. Esta revisão teve como objetivo descrever as principais aplicações da ciência metabolômica na oftalmologia. Trata-se de revisão narrativa desenvolvida por um grupo de pesquisa da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, em São Paulo (SP). Buscaram-se, na literatura, as principais aplicações da ciência metabolômica em oftalmologia, utilizando as bases de dados Medline® e Lilacs, com as palavras-chave "metabolomics" e "oftalmologia", de 1º de janeiro de 2009 a 5 de abril de 2021. Foram recuperadas 216 referências, das quais 58 foram consideradas elegíveis para revisão intensiva e análise crítica. O estudo do metaboloma permite um melhor entendimento do metabolismo dos tecidos oculares. Os resultados são importantes para auxiliar no diagnóstico e como preditores da progressão de muitas doenças oculares e sistêmicas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Eye Diseases/metabolism , Metabolome/physiology , Retina/metabolism , Artificial Intelligence , Biomarkers/metabolism , Cornea/metabolism , Eye Diseases/diagnosis , Metabolomics/methods , Machine Learning
4.
Clinics ; 75: e1909, 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1101091

ABSTRACT

The world is fighting the COVID-19 outbreak and health workers, including inflammatory bowel diseases specialists, have been challenged to address the specific clinical issues of their patients. We hereby summarize the current literature in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients during the COVID-19 pandemic era that support the rearrangement of our IBD unit and the clinical advice provided to our patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adult , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Betacoronavirus , Severity of Illness Index , Brazil , Risk Factors , Risk Assessment , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19
5.
Clinics ; 74: e853, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1011909

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the incidence of pancreatic alterations in Crohn's disease using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and to correlate the number of alterations with current clinical data. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease (n=51) were examined using EUS, and 11 variables were analyzed. A control group consisted of patients with no history of pancreatic disease or Crohn's disease. Patients presenting with three or more alterations underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Pancreatic function was determined using a fecal elastase assay. RESULTS: Two of the 51 patients (3.9%) presented with four EUS alterations, 3 (5.9%) presented with three, 11 (21.5%) presented with two, and 13 (25.5%) presented with one; in the control group, only 16% presented with one EUS alteration (p<0.001). Parenchymal abnormalities accounted for 39 of the EUS findings, and ductal abnormalities accounted for 11. Pancreatic lesions were not detected by MRI. Low fecal elastase levels were observed in 4 patients, none of whom presented with significant pancreatic alterations after undergoing EUS. Ileal involvement was predictive of the number of EUS alterations. CONCLUSION: A higher incidence of pancreatic abnormalities was found in patients with Crohn's disease than in individuals in the control group. The majority of these abnormalities are related to parenchymal alterations. In this group of patients, future studies should be conducted to determine whether such morphological abnormalities could evolve to induce exocrine or endocrine pancreatic insufficiency and, if so, identify the risk factors and determine which patients should undergo EUS.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Pancreatic Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Crohn Disease/complications , Pancreatic Diseases/complications , Case-Control Studies , Prospective Studies , Endosonography , Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance
6.
GED gastroenterol. endosc. dig ; 35(3): 96-100, jul.-set. 2016. ilustrado
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-2442

ABSTRACT

lntrodução: a estrongiloidíase tem grande importância médica devido à capacidade de o Strongyloides stercoralis completar seu ciclo de vida no homem e gerar a síndrome de hiperinfecção principalmente em imunocomprometidos. Devido à dificuldade em estruturar a resposta Th2, os pacientes infectados com o Vírus Linfotrópico de Células T Humanas Tipo 1 (HTLV-1) têm maior tendência a apresentar infecção maciça. A leishmaniose visceral, doença relevante em países em desenvolvimento, causa alterações imunológicas semelhantes, porém há poucos relatos de suscetibilidade específica ao Strongyloides stercoralis nos infectados por Leishmania sp. O presente trabalho tem objetivo de relatar um caso de coinfecção HTLV e calazar, que apresentou-se como pancreatite aguda e enteropatia perdedora de proteínas secundárias à estrongiloidíase maciça. Relato de caso: trata-se de um paciente de 34 anos com história de leishmaniose prévia que deu entrada no nosso Serviço com pancreatite aguda idiopática leve, além de história de diarreia crônica há um ano com anasarca e hipoalbuminemia associadas. Apresentou endoscopia digestiva alta com atrofia duodenal importante, tendo sido identificados Strongyloides stercoralis em biópsia, além de sorologia para HTLV positiva. Apresentou translocação bacteriana com sepse grave de foco abdominal, após início do tratamento com ivermectina, tendo posteriormente evoluído com melhora clínica importante e remissão dos sintomas. Fez investigação com punção de medula óssea, em que foram identificadas as formas amastigotas da leishmania. Discussão e conclusão: a presença de HLTV é um fator de risco para a síndrome de hiperinfecção por Strongyloides stercoralis, tendo predisposto o paciente às manifestações graves e raras descritas. A identificação de leishmania na medula óssea, entretanto, é um fator de risco ainda pouco conhecido para estrongiloidíase disseminada, porém com plausibilidade biológica por afetar o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro.(AU)


Introduction: strongyloidiasis has great medical importance because of the ability of the Strongyloides stercoralis to complete its life cycle in man and cause hyperinfection syndrome especially in immunocompromised hosts. Because of the difficulty in triggering The response, Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infected patients has susceptibility for massive infection. Visceral leishmaniasis, a relevant disease in developing countries, causes similar immunological changes, but there are few reports of specific susceptibility to Strongyloides stercoralis on infected by Leishmania sp. This study aimed to report a case of HTLV and kala azar coinfection, presenting as acute pancreatitis and protein losing enteropathy secondary to massive strongyloidiasis. Case report: a 34-year-old patient previously treated for leishmaniasis has presented at our service with idiopathic acute pancreatitis and chronic diarrhea for one year with anasarca and hypoalbuminemia. Upper endoscopy revealed duodenal atrophy in which biopsy identified Strongyloides stercoralis, and HLTV serology was positive. He presented with bacterial translocation and severe sepsis after first dose of ivermectin, but has clinical improvement and remission of symptoms afterwards. Bone marrow aspiration identified amastigote forms of Leishmania. Discussion and Conclusion: the presence of HLTV is a risk factor for Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection, and predisposed this patient to the serious and rare events described. The identification of Leishmania in bone marrow, however, is an poorly known risk factor for disseminated strongyloidiasis, but with biological plausibility because it affects the immune system of the host.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Pancreatitis , Protein-Losing Enteropathies , Strongyloidiasis , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing
7.
Clinics ; 67(9): 1013-1018, Sept. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-649378

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Celiac disease is a permanent enteropathy caused by the ingestion of gluten, which leads to an immunemediated inflammation of the small intestine mucosa. The prevalence of celiac disease varies among different nations and ethnic backgrounds, and its diversity is determined by genetic and environmental factors. São Paulo city is one of the largest cities in the world, with a vast population and an important history of internal migratory flow from other Brazilian regions, as well as immigration from other, primarily European, countries, resulting in significant miscegenation. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of adults with undiagnosed celiac disease among blood donors of São Paulo by collecting information on the ancestry of the population studied. METHODS: The prevalence of celiac disease was assessed by screening for positive IgA transglutaminase and IgA endomysium antibodies in 4,000 donors (volunteers) in the Fundação Pró-Sangue Blood Center of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. The antibody-positive subjects were asked to undergo a small bowel biopsy. RESULTS: Of the 4,000 subjects, twenty-four had positive tests, although both antibody tests were not always concordant. For example, ten subjects were positive for IgA tissue transglutaminase only. In twenty-one positive patients, duodenal biopsies were performed, and the diagnosis of celiac disease was confirmed in fourteen patients (Marsh criteria modified by Oberhuber). In this group, 67% claimed to have European ancestry, mainly from Italy, Portugal and Spain. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of celiac disease is at least 1:286 among supposedly healthy blood bank volunteers in São Paulo, Brazil.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Blood Donors/statistics & numerical data , Celiac Disease/epidemiology , Blood Banks , Brazil/epidemiology , Celiac Disease/ethnology , Cities/epidemiology , Racial Groups/statistics & numerical data , Epidemiologic Methods , Immunoglobulin A/blood , Transglutaminases/blood
8.
RBM rev. bras. med ; 60(NE): 11-: 14-12, 16, dez. 2003. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-385805

ABSTRACT

A síndrome do intestino irritável (SII) é a mais freqüente doença funcional gastroenterológica. Acomete 10por cento a 20 por cento da população geral e, provavelmente, estes valores são subestimados. Sua alta prevalência, sua natureza, funcional e seu caráter crônico fazem com que a SII interfira na qualídade de vida dos pacientes, gerando importante repercussão social e econômica. No presente trabalho os autores revisam os principais métodos de avaliação da qualidade de vida na Sil, tecem comentários sobre o impacto econômico da doença e os principais passos do tratamento.


Subject(s)
Humans , Colonic Diseases, Functional/diagnosis , Colonic Diseases, Functional/therapy , Quality of Life
9.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. Univ. Säo Paulo ; 55(6): 201-206, Nov.-Dec. 2000. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-283233

ABSTRACT

A low frequency of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa of patients with alkaline gastritis has been reported. At the same time, it can be noted that the growth of bacteria can be inhibited by bile acids. We studied 40 patients with chronic gastritis related to Helicobacter pylori in order to determine the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on this infection. Diagnoses of the infection and the inflammatory process were obtained by histologic study of gastric biopsies collected during endoscopy. Two groups were studied: group I received ursodeoxycholic acid - 300 mg/day, and group II received the placebo, twice a day, both for 28 days. The colonization by Helicobacter pylori and the intensity of the mononuclear and polymorphonuclear inflammatory infiltrate were determined before (time 1) and after (time 2) treatment. Ursodeoxycholic acid had no effect on the Helicobacter pylori infection. A significant reduction in the intensity of the mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate of the gastric antrum mucosa was observed in patients from group I, when we compared not only times 1 and 2 but also groups I and II. However, this was not the case with the body mucosa. We concluded that ursodeoxycholic acid had no action on the colonization by Helicobacter pylori or on the polymorphonuclear inflammatory infiltrate, but it caused a significant reduction in the intensity of the mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate of the gastric antrum


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Gastric Mucosa/microbiology , Gastritis/microbiology , Helicobacter pylori/drug effects , Ursodeoxycholic Acid/pharmacology , Age Distribution , Gastric Mucosa/drug effects , Gastric Mucosa/pathology , Gastritis/drug therapy , Gastritis/pathology , Helicobacter pylori/growth & development , Inflammation , Pyloric Antrum/drug effects , Pyloric Antrum/microbiology , Pyloric Antrum/pathology , Sex Distribution , Ursodeoxycholic Acid/therapeutic use
10.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. Univ. Säo Paulo ; 51(5): 151-3, set.-out. 1996.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-186817

ABSTRACT

Nos ultimos anos a motilidade da vesicula biliar tem sido muito estudada. Como o metodo ultra-sonografico pode ser empregado em estudo de esvaziamento vesicular, reprodutibilidade deste método foi investigada no presente trabalho. A reprodutibilidade do método ultra-sonografico para a medida do volume da vesicula biliar foi considerada altamente aceitavel (r=0,97). Por ser inócua e näo exigir material radioativo, a ultra-sonografia constitui-se numa atraente opçäo para o estudo da motilidade vesicular em condiçöes associadas com aumento na frequência de colelitiase


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Gallbladder Emptying/physiology , Reproducibility of Results , Gallbladder , Cholelithiasis , Ultrasonography
11.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. Univ. Säo Paulo ; 51(5): 154-6, set.-out. 1996.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-186818

ABSTRACT

Com o intuito de esclarecer se o esvaziamento gastrico deficiente e a causa da hipomotilidade da vesicula biliar em pacientes com doença de Crohn, o tempo de esvaziamento gastrico (TEG) foi medido pelo método ultra-sonografico em dez pacientes com doença de Crohn e 10 indivíduos normais. Näo houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as medidas dos TEG nos dois grupos (TEG; controles, 165,0 min +-12,8; Crohn, 142,0 min +- 11,5;p=0,208) após ingestäo de dieta liquida. Portanto, a hipomotilidade vesicular descrita em pacientes com doença de Crohn, após estimulo com dieta liquida gordurosa, näao pode ser explicada por tempo de esvaziamento gastrico retardado


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Crohn Disease/pathology , Gastric Emptying , Time Factors
13.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. Univ. Säo Paulo ; 51(5): 198-202, set.-out. 1996. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-186827

ABSTRACT

Os autores revisam os fatores envolvidos na formaçäo dos calculos de colesterol da vesicula biliar: supersaturacao biliar de colesterol, nucleaçäo e formaçäo dos cristais de colesterol e hipomotilidade vesicular


Subject(s)
Humans , Cholesterol/biosynthesis , Cholelithiasis/diagnosis , Gallbladder/physiopathology , Crystallization
16.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. Univ. Säo Paulo ; 44(5): 207-10, set.-out. 1989. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-89051

ABSTRACT

Os niveis plasmáticos de colesterol e triglicérides estäo geralmente elevados na clestase. Os excessos de colesterol e de triglicérides säo transportados em lipoproteinas (LP) de baixa densidade anormais denominadas LP-X e ß2-LP respectivamente. Tem sido sugerido que o metabolismo de quilomícros (QM) está envolvido nessas alteraçöes. Assim, para esclarecer estes distúrbios no metabolismo lipoproteico na colestase (QA) foram preparados a partir de soluçöes aquosas sem proteínas contendo lecitina e trioleína. Os QA foram marcados simultaneamente com colesterol - C - oleato (C-CO) e H-trioleína (H-TO) e injectados agudamente por via arterial em ratos com obstruçäo total do ducto biliar por 48 horas, e em ratos com cirurgia simulada. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas cada 2 minutos por 10 minutos para análise da radioatividade. As taxas fracionais de remoçäo plasmática do H-TO e C-CO foram diminuídas. Visto que o decaimento da H-TO reflete predominantemente a lipólise predominantemente a lipolise (L) enquanto o do C-CO representa a remoçäo hepática da remanescende de quilomícron (RHR), nosso dados sugerem que, na colestase, tanto a L quanto a RHR estäo comprometidas


Subject(s)
Rats , Animals , Male , Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/metabolism , Cholesterol/metabolism , Chylomicrons/metabolism , Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/physiopathology , Triglycerides/metabolism
17.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. Univ. Säo Paulo ; 44(5): 267-70, set.-out. 1989. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-89062

ABSTRACT

O fígado exerce um importante papel no metabolismo dos quilomicros. É responsável pela síntese de apolipoproteínas (ex., apo AI, apo CII, apo E), lecitina-colesterol-acil-tranferase e lipase de remover os remanescentes de quilomicros da circulaçäo sangüínea. Näo é surpresa portanto que o metabolismo de quilomicros esteja comprometido nas doenças hepáticas tais como hepatite aguda, cirrose e colestase. Assim, sendo, os autores revisaram os aspectos normais do metabolismo dos quilomicros os quais säo essencias para uma melhor compreensäo das alteraçöes lipoprotéicas observadas nas doenças hepáticas


Subject(s)
Rats , Animals , Apolipoproteins E/biosynthesis , Liver/metabolism , Lipase/biosynthesis , Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase/biosynthesis , Chylomicrons/metabolism , Liver/enzymology
18.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. Univ. Säo Paulo ; 44(5): 271-8, set.-out. 1989. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-89063

ABSTRACT

A sulfasalazina é uma das drogas mais empregadas no tratamento clínico da doença inflamatória intestinal. Entretanto, até 30% dos pacientes desenvolvem efeitos colaterais relacionados a droga que exigem a sua dominuiçäo ou suspensäo. Os novos derivados salicílicos para uso tópico ou oral surgem como eficaz alternativa no tratamento destes pacientes. Assim sendo, os autores revisaram o assunto salientando suas características, indicaçöes e efeitos colaterais de acordo com os estudos até entäo realizados


Subject(s)
Humans , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy , Salicylates/therapeutic use
19.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. Univ. Säo Paulo ; 44(5): 279-81, set.-out. 1989. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-89064

ABSTRACT

Os autores apresentam dois casos de intestino curto. O primeiro deles refere-se a uma paciente de cor branca, com 54 anos de idade, correspondendo o segundo caso a um indivíduo do sexo masculino, de cor branca. Ambos apresentaram acentuada desnutriçäo e esteatorréia, tendo sido submetidos a alimentaçäo parenteral. Nos dois casos esteve presente calculose das vias urinárias por oxalato de cálcio; também litíase vesicular e pancreatite aguda. Baseados nos elementos clínicos e laboratoriais, os autores discutem a fisiopatologia do intestino curto, dando realce ao papel dos sais biliares e ao relativo esvaziamento do "pool" desses sais, bem como a açäo dos mesmos sobre os cólons e na gênese da bile litogênica. Ao nível dos cólons, as investigaçöes até o momento desenvolvidas, indicam certa "liberaçäo" na absorçäo de oxalato, ao mesmo tempo em que a água tem sua absorçäo colônica diminuida. A conduta clínica é comentada, com ênfase particular ao papel da terapêutica pelo cálcio, emprego da colestiramina e de dieta suplementar


Subject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Oxalates/metabolism , Short Bowel Syndrome/physiopathology , Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
20.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. Univ. Säo Paulo ; 44(2): 63-72, mar.-abr. 1989. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-74502

ABSTRACT

A liberaçäo dos hormônios gastro êntero pancreáticos foi investigada em dez portadores de Doença de Chagas crónica e os resultados obtidos comparados e analisados estatisticamente com os observados em nove controles. A avaliaçäo hormonal baseou-se na determinaçäo sérica das concentraçöes da gastrina, glucagon pancreático, polipeptídio pancreático, enteroglucagon, motilina e colecistocinina, em condiçöes basais e pelos, estímulos direto (administraçäo venosa de secretina e de ceruleína) e misto (administraçäo venosa de secretina eintra-duodenal de fenilalanina). A liberaçäo dos hormônios gastro-éntero-pancreáticos, em condiçöes basais e pelo estímulo direto, encontra-se preservada nos chagásicos a exceçäo da gastrina, que se apresenta significativamente mais elevada, tanto em condiçöes basais como pelo estímulo pela secretina. A liberaçäo do polipeptídeo pancreático mostrou-se significativamente reduzida nos chagásicos crônicos pelo estímulo com a fenilalanina. As alteraçöes detectadas na resposta hormonal sugerem comprometimento neural do eixo éntero-pancreático nesses pacientes


Subject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Chagas Disease/physiopathology , Gastrointestinal Hormones/blood , Pancreatic Hormones/blood
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